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I passed all the other courses that I took at my university, but İ could never pass botany.This was because all botany students had to spend severel hours a week in a laboratory lookıng through a mıcroscope at plant cells and I could never see through amicroscope. I never once saw a cell through amicroscope. This used to enrage my instructıor. He would wander around the laboratory pleased with the progress all the students were making in drıvıng the complex and so I am tıld interesting sturucture of flower cells until he came to me. I would just be standıng there.”Ican’t see anytıng “ Iwould say. He would beıng patıently enought explaınıng how anybdy can see throug amıcroscope but just pretented that I couldn’t.`It takes away from thr beauty of flowers anyway ` I used to tell him.`We are not concerned with beauty in this course` hewould say.
I failed the course and the next year I had to try again.The professor had come back from vocation borwn as a berry bright eyed and eager to eexplain cell-structure again to his classses and to me.`Well,` he said to me when met in first laboratory hour of the semester`we are going to see cells this time ,arent we``Yes sir `I said. Student to the right of me and the left of me and in front of me were seeing cells ; what si more , they were quietly drawing pictures of them in their notebooks. Of course , I didnt see anything.`We will try it `the professor said to me grimly `with every adjustment of the misroscope know to man. As God is my witness , I will arrange this glass so that you see cells through or I will give up teaching. In twenty –two years of botany ,I...`He cut of abrobtly for he was begining to quiver all over , like an actor in a tragedy, and he qenuinely wished to hold onto his temper ;his scenes with me had taken a great deal out of him.
So we tried with every adjustment of the microscope known to man. With only one of them did I see anything but blackness or the familiar milky subtance , and dots. These I hastily drew. The inscructor , noting my activity , come back from an adjoining desk , asmile on his lips and his eyebrows high in hope . He looked at my cell drawing . `What is that` he demanded , witha hint of a squeal in his voice .`That si what I saw` I said . `you didnt you didnt you didnt `he screamed, losing control of temper instantly, and he bent over and squinted into the microscope .His head snapped up.`You have fixed the lens so that it reflects` he shouted .`You have drawn your retine`
In our contemporary world, trade is a big part of our life. Advertisements are very important fır continuing trade. Advertisements are in everywhere, newspapers, schools and billboards,etc. Advertising’s definition is given by Oxford dictionary as “the activity and industry of advertising things to people on televison , in newspapers, etc.” There are some different techniques of advertising which are named Modes of Address, Metaphors, Narrative technique and Consisitency , Familiarity and Authority. There are also some advantages and disadvantages of advertising on society.
The first technique of advertsing is Modess of address which has two parts ,indirect address and direct address. Direct address’s purpose is talking directly to the consumer. The consumer listens to product’s advertisement from sales person. Unlike the direct address, indirect address need a monologue or dialogue.(Brierly, 1995)the second technique of adverstising is metaphors which describe one thing by comparing it to another. For example rose is a metaphor which is asymbol of love and passion. Cmpanies can use metaphors to introduce their products and they are also using their products as metaphor. Wild animals are metaphors of freedom, BMW and Mercedes are metaphors of success and (zenginlik). The third tecnique of advetising is narrative tecnique which is often used in advertising. The stories generally take certain stages. The first stage is an exposition and then a problem happens in rising action. The complication turns into a crisis but product , brand or srvice can easily resolve the crisis ( Brierly, 1995). For instance in ACE’s advertisement, clothes are very dirty but Ayşe Teyze comes immediately to solve this problem with ACE’ s cleaning power and clothes are more longlasting with ACE. The last and well known technique is Consistency , Familiarity and authority tecnique. In this technique advertisers try to gain the consumer’s confidence. Consisitency makes brands more recognisable. For example, Coca Cola , Nike, McDonald’s logos or can immediately (distinguish). İn this technique, another requirement is authority who is a famous person or an authority to endorse their products. İt is thought that products are nore reliable to buy because of authority. Therefore, it is a very good technique to persuade consumers to buy products.
There are many advantages of advertsisng on society. İn the first place, the consumer is informed by advertising about the various products on the market, which leads to a better choice. Therefore, cosumer can decide more conciously before buying things. Moreover, the advertising provides people with jobs nd it helps the economical development. Advertising companies employs lots of workers so advertising also improves standard of living because of more affordable goods. Nowadays , every household needs arefrigerator , a TV and a telephone. ( Sutherland,M 1993). There are lots those products ‘ advertisement on TV and newspapers. As a consequence, a products are cheaper and have a better quality.
On the other hand, there are also many disadvantages of advertising on society. First of all, consumers may purchase products and services which they do not really need. Advertisements tempt people and create a desirability to buy. Advertisements show products as a need so yesterday’s inventions and luxiries become tommorrrow’S neccessities. İn addition to this, advertisement can be wrong models for teenagers and children. An illustration of advertisements which are wrong models are tobacco and beer advertisements.ıt ıs no doubt that tobacco’s advertisements are increasing the teenage smoking. “ According to TIPS (Tobacco Infrmation and Prevention Source), at least 6000 people try a cigarette for the first time each day, all of which are eighteen years old.” (p.3, The effects of Advertsing on Teen). Therefore, children and teenagers should be informed by government about harms of cigarette end alcohol. The last disadvantage is advertising promotes over-consumption which can cause pollution and hurt the environment. “Billboards can for example deface natural features, Leaflets may be thrown away whwn handed out in public, which adds to pollution”( Hite,M. 1988,p.2)
In conclusion, companies need advertisement to introduce and sell their product. While they are introducing their product, they use different techniques. There are some advertisements which are manipulative whereas there are some advertisements whic are informative. Therefore, advertisements have disadvantages and advantages. In my opinion, the best advertising technique is narrative technique becauseconsumers think that they are more secure with a product or a service. In addition, government should control products and advertisements
An Addiction Science Network Resource
A Primer on Drug Addiction
What is drug addiction? Considerable confusion exists regarding the nature of addiction. The most common misunderstanding is that addiction refers to a state of physical dependence on a drug whereby discontinuing drug intake produces a withdrawal syndrome consisting of various somatic disturbances. Addiction is better defined as a behavioral syndrome where drug procurement and use seem to dominate the individual’s motivation and where the normal constraints on behavior are largely ineffective. This condition may or may not be accompanied by the development of physical dependence on the drug. This condition has also been described as a "psychological" addiction (thus distinguishing it from physical dependence archaically termed "physical" addiction), but confusion is minimized by using the term addiction to refer to the behavioral syndrome described above and the term physical dependence to refer to the condition associated with somatic withdrawal reactions. The distinguishing feature of the condition commonly referred to as addiction is the ability of the drug to dominate the individual’s behavior, regardless of whether physical dependence is also produced by the drug.
What causes drug addiction? Many factors influence a person’s initial drug use. Personality characteristics, peer pressure, and psychological stress can all contribute to the early stage of drug abuse. These factors are less important as drug use continues and the person repeatedly experiences the potent pharmacological effects of the drug. This chemical action, which stimulates certain brain systems, produces the addiction, while other psychological and social factors become less and less important in influencing the individual’s behavior. When the pharmacological action of a drug dominates the individual’s behavior and the normal psychological and social control of behavior is no longer effective, the addiction is fully developed. This self-perceived "loss of control" is a common feature of drug addiction and reflects the biological nature of the problem.
How is drug addiction related to "normal" behavior? Specialized brain systems have evolved to ensure survival of the species. These systems direct behavior by rewarding actions that promote survival of the individual and of the species. Intake of nutrients and procreation are governed by specific brain systems; for example, the interaction of various substances in foods (e.g., sugars, fats) activate taste receptors which in turn activate brain reward mechanisms. Activation of brain reward systems produces changes in affect ranging from slight mood elevation to intense pleasure and euphoria, and these psychological states help direct behavior toward natural rewards. Some chemicals activate brain reward systems directly, bypassing the sensory receptors mediating natural rewards. The caffeine from coffee and tea, the alcohol from fermented beverages, and the nicotine from tobacco all activate brain reward mechanisms directly. Moderate use of these substances has gained widespread acceptance over the centuries, although their use has been periodically prohibited (e.g., alcohol during prohibition) or restricted (e.g., cigarette smoking currently). Other drugs much more potently activate brain reward systems. Initial use of these substances is usually accompanied by mood elevation and other affective changes that lead to their recreational use. (Some drugs have actions that produce other desirable psychological effects, such as relaxation.) Much like moderate caffeine and alcohol use, addictive drugs activate brain reward systems. But the activation is much more intense causing the individual to crave the drug and to focus their activities around taking the drug. The ability of addictive drugs to strongly activate brain reward mechanisms and their ability to chemically alter the normal functioning of these systems can produce an addiction.
What are psychoactive drugs? Many drugs interact with brain mechanisms involved in affect, cognition, and behavior. These compounds are termed psychoactive drugs. Drugs are usually classified according to their primary therapeutic actions. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and produce a normalization of the disordered thought processes associated with this illness. Antidepressant drugs are used to treat psychological depression and produce a normalization of disturbed affective states characteristic of depression. And antianxiety drugs (i.e., anxiolytics) are used to treat anxiety and produce a calming action in nervous individuals. These and numerous other drugs have important clinical uses and have revolutionized the treatment of many mild to severe mental disorders. Some work at the ASnet and its laboratory facility—the Addiction Research Unit (ARU) at the University at Buffalo—investigates the actions of these drugs, but research focuses on psychoactive drugs that are addictive. Recent work has also investigated the effects of mildly psychoactive compounds found in over-the-counter medicines (e.g., pseudoephedrine, diphenhydramine) and compares their effects with prototypic addictive drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin). This comparison helps sharpen the distinction between addictive and nonaddictive substance use and is used in comparing the effects of other commonly used substances (i.e., caffeine, nicotine).
Why conduct basic scientific research? Although the basic biological actions of some drugs are well understood, many important questions remain to be answered. Why do individuals differ in their vulnerability to addiction? How do psychological factors such as stress interact with brain mechanisms to influence the development of an addiction? And why are some people successful in overcoming their addiction while others are not? (Certainly differences in treatment approaches do not account for the successes, because no single treatment program has a uniquely high success rate.) These and many other questions need to be answered. Considerable progress has been made during the past two decades, but considerable more work needs to be done before drug addiction is fully understood. And understanding addiction is the key to successful treatment What is the most effective approach to conducting basic research in drug addiction? Two important considerations direct research at ASnet into basic mechanisms of drug addiction. First, research focuses on prototypic addiction drugs. These are drugs with a high addiction liability
(i.e., addiction develops quickly and in a high percentage of individuals after relatively brief use). Prototypic addictive drugs also have well-defined actions on biological systems (i.e., interact with specific brain systems) and have historically shown epidemic patterns of abuse (i.e., abuse patterns showing rapid increases in the number of people using the drug during the past century often followed by a marked decline in use; a cyclic pattern of abuse). The two drug classes that clearly fit these criteria for prototypic addictive drugs are the psychomotor stimulants (e.g., amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine) and the opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine). Second, animal models are used to study the underlying biological mechanisms of addiction. Laboratory animals voluntarily self-administer these prototypic addictive drugs, and basic research in drug addiction uses animal models to study the biological mechanisms underlying addiction. (Contrary to popular belief, laboratory animals exposed to addictive drugs usually remain healthy and suffer no adverse effects of these drugs [i.e., low morbidity]. The only experiments where research animals are subjected to any appreciable discomfort involve those studying the effects of psychological stress or continuous exposure to drugs. Few experiments are conducted at the ARU investigating these experimental conditions, and all studies are conducted with laboratory rats.) As basic research studying prototypic addictive drugs in animal models progresses, the principles learned with this approach are extended to other addictive drugs (e.g., alcohol) and to clinical studies (e.g., the treatment of drug addicts).
Are there other benefits from studying addiction? Understanding the underlying neural basis of addiction opens the door to not only treating specific drug addictions but to also understanding fundamental relationships between behavior and brain function. Addiction presents a situation where chemical activation of brain mechanisms control the individual's behavior, and understanding this process helps delineate processes involved in normal behavior. In addition, several mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, involve disturbances in the same brain system as that involved in addiction. Basic research provides the key to deciphering the biological basis of addiction and to understanding other types of psychopathology.
Why develop medications for treating addiction? Drug addiction involves disturbances in brain chemistry caused by repeated use of certain psychoactive substances. Although the exact nature of these disturbances is not well understood (and hence, the need for continued basic research), the biological nature of this problem is appreciated by most specialists. Psychological counseling and therapy can help the individual recovering from addiction, but the main problem lies with altered brain chemistry that needs to be treated pharmacologically. A number of medications are currently being investigated in various laboratories, but none are yet very effective. Basic research studying prototypic addictive drugs in animal models can identify the neural mechanisms underlying addiction. This information can then direct the development of medications for the treatment of addiction. These medications are evaluated for their safety and effectiveness using animal models before being prescribed clinically to treat addiction. (This last step is particularly important, considering that heroin was originally developed as a treatment for morphine addiction.)
What's wrong with the current sources of information regarding addiction? A number of agencies and organizations disseminate information about drug addiction (for examples, see the Links on the ARU home page). Most notably, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has been the premier clearing house for information on drug abuse. Many excellent research monographs, pamphlets, and press releases are sponsored by NIDA, but this government organization must also respond to the political realities of all government organizations. When marijuana use in the late 1940s became a national concern, the government was involved in producing a film entitled Reefer Madness to "educate" the public about the dangers of marijuana use. This film remains a classic today, but not as a testimony to unbiased presentation of scientific evidence; rather; this film exemplifies the propaganda expounded by a politically directed organization and has fostered the distrust that many young people have of government information. More recently, NIDA diverted attention from cocaine and heroin addiction when the Surgeon General declared "nicotine more addictive than cocaine." Although this assertion seems to have been quietly accepted by many scientists, the ASnet considers this statement unsubstantiated by the empirical data and socially irresponsible. Dissident opinion has been silenced by the feared repercussions of challenging official government policy. Other, nongovernment organizations providing information regarding drug abuse also have hidden agendas. Most are linked with treatment centers, pharmaceutical firms selling a product, or supported by government grants and contracts. Much of the information disseminated from these sources is accurate, but some of it is not. Although the ASnet is in principle opposed to any illicit substance use, it follows the dictum that unbiased scientific information should be provided to the public. It is the responsibility of science to provide the facts of the individual to decide how to use those facts.
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION
By Terry Mason, MPH
Drug abuse occurs when a person feels the need to use a drug repeatedly for various reasons. Drug addiction is said to be present when a person continues to abuse a drug after serious problems related to the drug use have occurred.
What is going on in the body?
Drug abuse is a widespread problem that affects people from all socioeconomic levels. The symptoms of abuse and addiction differ slightly based upon the drug being taken. Drug abuse and addiction cause many health-related and social problems.
What are the signs and symptoms of the condition?
Several of the following symptoms or signs occur when a person is addicted to a drug. The person may: · be unable to cut down on drug use when he or she wants to · continue to use the drug despite the problems it causes · develop tolerance for the drug, so that increased amounts are needed to get the same effect · find that the drug causes problems in life, such as getting in trouble with the law · have cravings or grow irritable when the drug cannot be used · skip some important activities because of the drug · spend a large amount of time getting, using, or getting over the drug · use the drug more often or more heavily than intended
Physical symptoms vary depending on the drug being abused and the extent of the drug use. The health risks of tobacco, for example, are different than the health risks of drugs such as alcohol or cocaine.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact reason why some people abuse and become addicted to drugs is not known. There appears to be a complex relationship between biological and environmental factors that leads to abuse and addiction.
A drug overdose or drug abuse can result from the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter medicines, illegal drugs, or alcohol. Commonly abused drugs are: · amphetamines, such as dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine · barbiturates, such as phenobarbital · benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, alprazolam, or lorazepam · combination pain medicines that contain narcotics, such as hydrocodone, codeine, or oxycodone · mind-altering drugs, such as marijuana, LSD, PCP, ecstasy, and angel dust · muscle relaxants, such as carisoprodol · stimulants, such as cocaine
What can be done to prevent the condition?
The best prevention available now is education. If a person has any symptoms of drug abuse, it is a good idea to seek help. The earlier the treatment, the better the results.
How is the condition diagnosed?
The condition is diagnosed by asking the person about drug use. If several of the symptoms or signs mentioned above are present, the person is said to be abusing drugs and may become or may already be addicted to drugs.
What are the long-term effects of the condition?
Problems associated with drug addiction vary widely among different people. Long-term use may result in changes in brain function that last long after the person stops using drugs. Tobacco dependence is the number one cause of preventable disease and death in the U.S. Alcohol is not far behind. People with drug dependence can have financial, social, legal, and other personal problems. These may last long after they stop using the drug. Death is fairly common in those with drug dependence due to harmful effects of the drug on the body.
What are the risks to others?
Drug abuse is not contagious and poses no risk to others.
What are the treatments for the condition?
Treatment partly depends on the drug that is used and the personality of the affected person. Treatment is complex. Often it must address the addiction as well as the person's mental and physical health and any work or social problems that occur. Effective treatment may include behavioral therapy, medicines, or some combination of these.
Behavioral therapy helps people: · cope with craving · avoid contact with drugs · prevent or cope with relapse
The best drug abuse programs will provide a combination of therapies and services. Successful treatment recognizes or responds to certain important issues. · No single treatment will work for all people. · Treatment must be readily available for a long enough period of time. · Effective treatment meets the multiple needs of the person, not just the drug abuse problem. · A plan must repeatedly be assessed and changed to meet changing needs. · Counseling and behavioral therapies should be included in the treatment plan. · Medicines may be needed along with counseling. · Mental illness and drug abuse must be treated at the same time. · Medical detoxification will only work as the first stage of a long-term treatment plan. · Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective. · Possible ongoing substance abuse must be monitored. · Treatment programs need to detect and treat any infectious diseases and teach people to avoid spreading disease. · Recovery can take a long time, and treatment may be needed several times.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
Drug abuse is a chronic problem. There may need to be several kinds and numbers of therapies. The greatest side effect of treatment is the tendency to relapse back into drug abuse and addiction.
What happens after treatment for the condition?
Monitoring and therapy are needed at least until a person can function fully and long-term abstinence, or avoidance of drug use, has been achieved. Self-help programs are often helpful in keeping a person sober or "clean."
How is the condition monitored?
Monitoring may include the use of drug tests. These can be urine, saliva, or blood tests. Any new or worsening symptoms hould be reported to the healthcare provider.
Drugs and Teenagers
Drug use is the increasing problem among teenagers in today's high schools. Most drug use begins in the preteen and teenage years, these years most crucial in the maturation process. During these years adolescents are faced with difficult tasks of discovering their self identity, clarifying their sexual roles, assenting independence, learning to cope with authority and searching for goals that would give their lives meaning. Drugs are readily, adolescents are curious and venerable, and there is peer pressure to experiment, ad there us a temptation to escape from conflicts. The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability. Drugs addiction among adolescents in turn lead to depression and suicide.
One of the most important reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that effect adolescents, it can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on person's social group and one can follow one path of the other. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. In today's schools drugs are very common, peer pressure usually is the reason for their usage. If the people in your social group use drugs there will be pressure a direct or indirect pressure from them. A person may be offered to try drugs, which is direct pressure. Indirect pressure is when someone sees everyone around him using drugs and he might think that there is nothing wrong with using drugs. Person might try drugs just to fit in the social norms, even if a person had no intentions of using drugs one might do it just to be considered "cool" by his friends. Today drugs are considered to be an acceptable social phenomenon by many teenagers. Here is a personal example of drug use from a teenager, " When I started using, was only on weekends, at parties. I used drugs 'recreationally' and therefore thought I had no addiction problem. I used drugs like nicotine, marijuana or LSD to be happy or to have fun. I needed drugs. I kept using drugs; I used drugs like marijuana to fit socially. I had problems in my life, emotionally, that drugs only seemed to solve. Drugs made my problems worse. I started snorting cocaine. I injected heroin into my veins. I almost died. I was addicted"
In today's highs schools the availability and variety of drugs is widespread. There is a demand for drugs and the supply is plentiful. Since drugs are so easy accessible, a natural interest in them may develop. A person may hear about drugs experiences, on reactions of drug usage, such as " Hey the weed that he sold us was cool, I got stoned man". This response will create a sense of curiosity and may convince the person to try drugs themselves. Many teenagers today believe that the first use of drugs is safe. However even though there is no instant addiction with the first try, youngsters tend to experiment further. Soon a person could actively seek the euphoric effects of drugs. Drug addiction is the result of intense preoccupation with the dicer to experience the mental and bodily changes with drug use. The final and the most disastrous stage are when a person needs drugs in order to function adequately. Therefore availability, curiosity and experimentation could result in drug addiction among teenagers.
One of the most devastating side effects of drug addiction and abuse is depression. Depression is the result of chemical imbalance, environmental influence, or a combination of both. Using heavy and very highly addictive drugs as heroin, cocaine, opium and many other will cause sudden mood changes, deterioration of the immune system, nervous breakdowns, unusual flares of temper and many other side effects. Besides physical side effects, drug addiction can create problems in a person's social circles. The person may run into many conflicts with his family and friends, resulting in desire for isolation. This in turn will create more problems since the person will have no social support. Furthermore, drug addiction is a financial strain especially for teenagers. When a person is addicted to drugs he will do anything to obtain money to fulfill his needs.
According to previous studies, drug addiction is the results of 3 "I's". Teenagers may think of their problems as Inescapable, Interminable and Intolerable. Life may seem bleak and miserable. Seeing no way out feeling lonely and no prospects for improvement leads to depression. Which can further lead to attempted suicide. Many studies have found that drugs are a contributing factor to suicide. Using drugs may reduce inhibitions and impair judgement, suicide is a possibility. As one statistic illustrates 70% of all young people who attempted suicide used drugs.
Illegal drugs, for example, weed, speed, acid, or ecstasy has always been a problem among the younger folks, the problems gets even more serious if it involves additive substances such as cocaine.
The most common seen illegal drug around teens in BC is Ecstasy, or generally called "E". E's are usually involved in rave parties; people take E's and dance overnight. The academic name for E is hallucinogenic stimulant, it generally affects the concentration of the brain, and it can change one's mood, sleep, sexual behavior, body temperature and appetite. The sensation sight, sound and touch are enhanced, that's why it's usually used at discos and parties. It takes about 30 to 40 minutes to "get high" and about three to four hours to wear off. Side effects include heart and blood pressure problems, blurred vision, chills and sweating. The tablet changes every week and counterfeits are always around, it is not addictive. It is illegal to buy, sell, produce or posses any amount of E.
Another popular drug is LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), which is a little similar to E. It alters a person's perception of sights, sounds, and touch etc, a person that has taken LSD might see or hear things that don't exist. Known as "acid", this drug is extremely powerful, once teaspoon can contain up to 25'000 doses. Only 200 micrograms is needed for one trip. The danger of LSD is that the effect of LSD is extremely unpredictable since it depends on a person's physical conditions and also his/her mood. About one hour after taking LSD it'll start to take effect, the user will see or feel things that doesn't exist, images maybe altered, for example, small objects may look huge, and also mysterious experiences, such as seeing ghost or religious objects. The consequences of taking LSD are severe, physical side effects include inducing violent and hazardous behavior, also LSD develops tolerant quickly, so frequent users has to eventually increase dosage.
The other most popular thing is marijuana, or weed. It's usually imported from Africa, Asia, South America and Caribbean, but homegrown weed is getting more and more popular because of the sophistication of growing equipment. The most common effects are talkativeness, cheerfulness, relaxation and greater appreciation of sound and color. It's been said that smoking weed improves performance of creative works such as arts or writing, it also makes skin, hearing and sight very sensitive. Some immediate physical effects of weed use include a faster heartbeat and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, and dry throat. The drug can impair or reduce short-term memory, alter sense of time and reduce the ability to do things that require concentration, quick reactions and effective co-ordination. A common bad reaction to marijuana is an acute anxiety attack. People describe this reaction as an extreme fear of "losing control," which causes panic. After all, we advise you all to not to get involved with illegal drugs, since it will cost you greatly both physically and emotionally.
The problems of teenage drug use, depression and suicide are evident in our society. These are very real and threatening issues that have to be dealt with. Going into the 21st century we have to face to problems of our future generations. There are many non-profitable organizations that help teenagers to cope with drug use. There are help lines, community services that offer information about drugs, and individual counseling is available almost in every education institution. There is help available to those who seek it. Would we ever be able to live in a drug free environment? Could we ever educate our future generations so those drug problems would be non-existent? Hopefully the answer is Yes.
Effects of Drugs
What do these things do to you?
Drugs give users a short feeling of happiness, joy and euphoria. A feeling of being "spaced out". This "high" lasts for a certain period and then wears away.
These feelings are then followed by stronger negative feelings. Examples are depression, anxiety, sickness, vomiting, guilt, and a need for more drugs.
What do drugs do to your body in the short term?
There are many affects of drugs since they are all different. Most drugs affect your nervous system and brain.
Some drugs can cause immediate death or permeate brain damage. Side effects of cocaine are that they can give you heart attacks even though you are in total shape.
Sleeping is harder once doing drugs. Many drugs will increase breathing rate, heart beats per minute and blood pressure. They will make your hair and skin pale in color. Give you bad breath or stain your teeth. Drugs can also affect your sexual performance.
What do drugs do to your body in the long term?
Every time you take drugs, the dosage becomes less and less effective. This results in larger doses every time to get the same (or even less) effect of euphoria. Many people have drug overdoses (OD) and suffer from brain damage or death.
Drugs can cause problems from lung cancer, liver problems, brain damage, heart attacks and more.
Drugs begin to affect your own personal life. You begin to change in personality once you have taken drugs. Teens begin doing things they never thought they would ever do to feed the drug habits.
Many teens go into prostitution for their drug addiction. Some will steal or even kill. Every day they go through life wanting to get high.
Withdrawal is really hard for some people because their brains have become used to getting these drugs.
Please visit D.A.R.E. America for more information on drugs
Here are summaries of the effect of select street drugs on the brain. Some of the introductory information is derived from About.com. Select authoritative references for information about effects of drugs on the brain include:
Drug Abuse in the Decade of the Brain, Gabriel G. Nahas and T. F. Burks, Eds., IOS Press, 1997.
Drug Use and Abuse, Jean-Pierre Changeux, in The Brain by G. M. Edelman and J. Changeux, editors, Transaction Publishers, 2001.
Heroin
Heroin is a highly addictive opiate (like morphine). Brain cells can become dependent (highly addictive) on this drug to the extent that users need it in order to function in their daily routine. While heroin use starts out with a rush of pleasure, it leaves the use in a fog for many hours afterwards. Users soon find that their sole purpose in life is to have more of the drug that their body has become dependant on.
From Dakota State University, a great resource on the effects of various drugs on the body and brain.
See also, National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about heroin.
Marijuana
The parts of the brain that control emotions, memory, and judgment are affected by marijuana. Smoking it can not only weaken short-term memory, but can block information from making it into long term memory. It has also been shown to weaken problem solving ability.
Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning, Nadia Solowi, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
Alcohol
Alcohol is no safer than drugs. Alcohol impairs judgment and leads to memory lapses. It can lead to blackouts. It distorts vision, shortens coordination, and in addition to the brain can damage every other organ in the body.
Cocaine
Cocaine, both in powder form and as crack, is an extremely addictive stimulant. An addict usually loses interest in many areas of life, including school, sports, family, and friends. Use of cocaine can lead to feelings of paranoia and anxiety. Although often used to enhance sex drive, physical effect of cocaine on the receptors in the brain reduce the ability to feel pleasure (which in turn causes the dependency on the drug).
Cocaine: Effects on the Developing Brain, (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences), John A. Harvey and Barry E. Kosofsky, Eds., New York Academy of Sciences, 1998.
The Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction: From Bench to Bedside, Herman Joseph and Barry Stimmel, Eds., Haworth Press, 1997.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about cocaine and crack.
Inhalants
Inhalants, such as glue, gasoline, hair spray, and paint thinner, are sniffed. The effect on the brain is almost immediate. And while some vapors leave the body quickly, others will remain for a long time. The fatty tissues protecting the nerve cells in the brain are destroyed by inhalant vapors. This slows down or even stops neural transmissions. Effects of inhalants include diminished ability to learn, remember, and solve problems.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about inhalants.
Ecstasy
Extended use of this amphetamine causes difficulty differentiating reality and fantasy, and causes problems concentrating. Studies have found that ecstasy destroys certain cells in the brain. While the cells may re-connect after discontinued use of the drug, they don't re-connect normally. Like most drugs, this one impairs memory and can cause paranoia, anxiety, and confusion.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about ecstasy.
LSD
While some people use LSD for the sense of enhanced and vivid sensory experience, it can cause paranoia, confusion, anxiety, and panic attacks. Like Ecstasy, the user often blurs reality and fantasy, and has a distorted view of time and distance.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about LSD.
Steroids
Anabolic steroids are used to improve athletic performance and gain muscle bulk. Unfortunately, steroids cause moodiness and can permanently impair learning and memory abilities.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about steroids.
Tobacco
Tobacco is a dangerous drug, putting nicotine into your body. Nicotine affects the brain quickly, like other inhalants, producing feelings of pleasure, like cocaine, and is highly addictive, like heroin.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about nicotine.
Methamphetamine
Known on the street as meth, speed, chalk, ice, crystal, and glass, methamphetamine is an addictive stimulant that strongly activates certain systems in the brain.
See National Institute on Drug Abuse facts about methamphetamine.
Ritalin
This drug is often prescribed to treat attention deficit disorder. It is becoming an illicit street drug as well. Drug users looking for a high will crush Ritalin into a powder and snort it like cocaine, or inject it like heroin. It then has a much more powerful effect on the body. It causes severe headaches, anxiety, paranoia, and delusions.
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Commentaries on the Christopher Columbus’s Letter
I will analyse the letter which was written by the Christopher Columbus in 1493. The purpose of this letter was announcing a (Great Discovery) which was achieved by Columbus for his country and kingdom in Spain. If the text is read the main aims of Columbus’s voyage to America which were simply gathering the valuable mines such as gold, widening the sovereignty of Christianism and finding new ways to India can be inferred.
The title of Columbus’s letter is (Letter to the sovereigns of 4 March 1493 announcing the DISCOVERY) the definition of discovery is simply to find something that alerady existed was not known about before. Geographical discvery is finding a new place without any people and setting food for this place for the first time. When Columbus went ot America there were already people living on these islands. So, we understand that Columbus did not regard these inhabitans as humen “They raise until he can feed himself...” , “... everyone is born with a tail” (Columbus’ s letter page 8 paragraph 2) shows this. So the definiton changes “Discoveries are only made by the most civilized societies”. So this causes Racism.
As you know, the basic elemnts of a state are population, territory, government and sovereignty. In the firt paragraph it says, “ I found innumerable people and very many islands, of which I took possession in your Highnesses’ name, by royal crier with our Highnesses’ royal banner unfurled” (Christopher Columbus’s letter page 3). We see that , there is population and territory but if there is no government and sovereignty, a state will not exist and these people livin on an island without a real state inevitably will be controlled and ruled by another state. When Marco Polo went to China in the 13th century for the first time he could not announced this as a discovery because there was a magnificant civilization in China.
The colonizer country uses all the resources of the colonized country such as labor, mines... and they also subdue these people living on this land. “and the others just as the King does, so thet the people I left there suffice to subjugate the entire island...” “...,where I hope his majesty wşll gicve your Highnesses as much gold as you need, spicery of a certain pepper, as many ships as your Highnesses’ may order to be loaded...” (Columbus’s letter page 6) shows this.
In my opinion, Columbus had been the cause of a genocide in America. When he arrrived America, there were about 30-50 million people living there. After this discovery most of the American Indians were killed by Europeans. For that reason this absolutely a shame for humankind. And this event was the beginning of Imperialism and Capitalism.
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DRUG AND LIFE
Drugs are normally used to care ilnesses or to increase the physical and mental relief of individual. However, unfortunatelly drugs generally aren’t used for them. Drug addiction is one of the most important problems throughout the world because consumption of drug has benn increasing from time to time and it is threating especially young people. Drug addiction results from different situation and it has a lot of medical physical and social effects.
Many factors influence a person’ s initial drug use.Personality, characteristic, peer pressure and psychlogical stresss can also contribute to the early stage of drug abuse. These factors are less important as drug use continues and the person repeatedly experiences the potent pharmalogical effects of drug. This chemical action, which stimulates certain brain system, produces the addiction, while other psychological and social factors became less and less important influencing the individual’s as behavior [A primer on drug addiction]. When the pharmalogical action of a drug dominates the individual’s behaivor and the normal psychological and social control of behvaior is no longer effective, the addiction is fully developed, this self-perceived “loss of control” is a common feature of drug addiction and reflects the biological nature of the problem [A primer on drug addiction].
In addition, some advertisement to drugs in news, on radio and television create curiosity for having a personal experience. Besides, peer group pressure makes a temptation to start the use of drugs. Especially young people want to excitement and adventure in their life. So, it leads to use drugs. It’ s believed that, durg is treatment for people’ s work, family and emotional problems. The most important factor is family. Because if the parents and members of family use drugs, this was became the most effective stimulant for the youngsters to start to use drug [Drugs and Teenagers].
Drugs give users a short feeling happiness, joy and euphoria. A feeling of being “space out” . This “high” last for a certain period and then wears away [Effects of Drugs]. However, some drugs can cause immediate that or permanent brain damage. For instance, cocaine can give you heart attacks even though you are in a total shape. Apart from this, many drugs will increase breathing rate, heart beats per minute and blood pressure, they will make your hair and skin pale in color, give you bad breath or stain your teeth [Effects of Drugs].
Apart from the effects on the body, the comsumption of drugs directly or indirectly affects the family life and the community life, too. For instance, an addict spends a lot of money to btain drugs. İt leads to nonavailability of basic needs causing malnutrition of his family member. The children of an addict are the victim of drug addiction because they suffer from anxiety, frustiration and insecurity. In addition, it may lead to social crimes, corruption, illegal distilliation of liquor, stealing, suicide, divorce etc.
Generally addicts are outcasted and they aren’ t liked in society. People usually evoluates addicts without knowing the causes why people use drugs. However, the attitudes vary from culture to culture. Some of them are very strict but some of them are flexible. In developed countries, people aren’ t accuse or don’t care about addicts very much whereas tradataional societies are more careful and sensitive about them. Especially in america if anybody get in to trouble. It is that person’s problem. However especially in muslim countries people are more friendly so they car about people’ s problems.
To prevent drug addiction families are the most accountable therefore, families have a lot of obligation. For instance should keep their children from bad friends, they should be more careful when they give money to their children. Because lots of money is an important reason for addiction. On the other hand education one of the most important matters. It is believed that, educated people are more tend to use drug. However it doesn’ t belong to good education. It is about wrong education because everybody has a white paper when they born then the people is filled by family, environment and their education. Therefore the minister education should take precautions for instance, there should be educated teachers for drug addiction and seminars on drug should be given frequently. Nowadays media is very effective force on people, however, unfortunatelly, media is a one of the most important reasons to use drug. Especially irresponsible media communities coverage the films encouraging the drug.
To sum up, drug addiction has a lot of reasons and results and it is obvious that, drug is a distroyer which kills our youth. Everybody and all foundations should take some responsibilities to prevent drug addiction and they do their job sensitively. Life is only shady where everbody comes and gets a rest therefore we should live clean life we should help others to live clean.
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